I liked the description of how TNE was different from CT, and i believe that this is important in trying to figure out what era the player and GM want to use for the Travell [ Peter S.
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The situation among aboriginal people in Canada is more complex than that of the Travellers in Ireland in that aboriginal people are comprised of numerous nations separated by cultural, racial and linguistic differences. As will be noted in the second paper of this series this is further complicated by policy dictates by the Federal government regarding who is legally deemed to be an aboriginal person.
Travellers may be direct descendents from those who chose to live outside the circle of Brehon laws, i. Secondly, Travellers could be direct descendents of native Chieftains, dispossessed during the English plantations of the 17th and 18 th centuries. Thirdly, it is variously suggested that Travellers could descend from intermarriage between Romany gypsies and Irish peasants. Finally, the last and most agreed-upon theory is that Travellers are descended from displaced peasants and labourers, driven from their land by political and economic upheaval during the Great famine circa The greatest difficulty presented to us today is attempting to place Travellers in a credible historical context because we cannot understand the present if we have no understanding of the past.
This constitutes approximately 0. Some aspects of the demographic nature of Travellers are worthy of comment here. Forty percent ofIrish Travellers share ten common surnames. The Traveller Community identified during the course of the census had a markedly different age structure from that of the population in general.
Fifty percent of the Travellers distinguished by enumerators were aged less than 15 years compared with slightly less than a quarter for the population in general. Older Travellers i. The distinctive age structure of the Traveller community resulted in a median age of 14 in compared with a national figure of The high birth rates experienced by the Traveller Community resulted in an average household size of 4.
These census figures mainly reflect Travellers living in halting sites, encampments, mobile homes and caravans. In general, Travellers living in the Settled community were not recorded as Travellers unless they specified that they wished to be recorded as Travellers.
However, the figures are still valid as they give an indication of demographic trends within the Traveller community. Specific Traveller accommodation issues are discussed in more detail below. Mc Greil, using social distance as a basis for his work the degree of intimacy to which a person is willing to admit a member of a particular group in assessing the extent and depth of prejudice in Ireland, compared attitudes towards Travellers in the periods and as part of his work.
A substantial increase in the levels of prejudice towards Travellers was noted between these two periods MacGreil, Similarly, research commissioned by Amnesty International's Irish Section April, shows that minority groups focuses specifically on Travellers and that they are lest likely to be viewed as a sector of society that is welcome either personally, or in the neighbourhood.
As previously mentioned and in the light of overwhelming consistent research evidence, it seems fair to suggest that Travellers have been and, continue to be, regarded as second-class Irish citizens by many within the dominant or 'settled' population.
This in itself would seem to indicate that the Irish population, generally, with regard to Travellers has not taken up the gauntlet of unity and diversity. What is perhaps distinctive about the perception and attitudes towards Travellers in Ireland is that Travellers are essentially native to Ireland and have a heritage intertwined with Irish history but yet as a social group remain separate and marginalized from mainstream society.
This parallels the experience of aboriginal people in Canada who also experience significant marginalization despite the fact that they were the original settlers of North America. Work Practices of Irish Travellers In the past, the traditional way of life enabled Travellers and the settled community to live under a system of mutual tolerance.
The historical Irish dependence on agrarianism and farming created an economic need for migrant labourers in particular areas. Payment in kind i. The introduction of Tupperware in the 's wreaked havoc on the traditional trade of Travellers as it resulted in little work coming in to their community and the economic gap between Travellers and settled people has widened very considerably since this period.
Interestingly, the Traveller self-definition of employment was not that traditionally considered as employment by the dominant population. Only 4 respondents had 'regular' work outside the Training Centre.
The findings of this body were published in and proposed the integration of Travellers into Irish society by a process of sedentarisation, utilising appropriate social policy. Recent government policy within Ireland can be said to be more inclusive of the views of Travellers with increased credence being given to the Traveller opinion in the drawing up and implementation of policy dealing with their stated specific needs. The Accommodation Needs of Travellers 'Travellers views of accommodation differ vastly from those of the dominant population.
In the main, Travellers see accommodation as a stopping place, whether the stay turns out to be a long one or a short one. Whether living on a halting site or in a house, accommodation is always seen as temporary' Mc Cann et ai, A 4 The average national wage in Ireland is approximately f18, for However, research has identified that the freedom to travel must not be withdrawn from Travellers even if Travellers become housed on a permanent basis.
I don't seem to have the same freedom in the house. I'm on depression tablets from the doctor. I went to see bishop to see if he could help and Fr. X in Athy town in Ireland he comes to see me every so often Questionnaire Respondent, Duggan-Jackson, 65 The exception would be the families who, as part of the path to assimilation within the settled community, have lost the desire to travel.
These families, for the most part, have lost their identity as Travellers and, with it, the feeling inside of longing to be on the move Mc Cann et at, The Task Force Report on Travellers specifically recommended that 3, units of accommodation be provided for Travellers by the year Only new units were provided in that time.
In as many as 1, Traveller families lived by the roadside with 2, in local authority housing and 1, on Halting Sites Irish Examiner, 7. The most recent Government initiative in response to Traveller accommodation needs is the Housing Traveller Accommodation Act The local committees, where established, advised local authorities when drawing up their plans and are made up of Traveller representatives, local councillors and local authority officials.
However, the legislation contains no sanctions should these accommodation plans not be implemented. In , the infant mortaliry rate for Travellers was 2.
Traveller children tended to be smaller for gestational age andlor premature and attributed to these findings to poor maternal education and living circumstances. Twelve times as many Traveller children die of cot death compared to the general population Irish Examiner, 7. Consanguinity and Health Implications for Irish Traveller Population Consanguinity has been frequently mentioned in studies of Travellers health status as being highly contributory towards the increase of metabolic disease and congenital disease Flynn, , Flynn, Information was sought on the consanguinity of the children's parents in a study carried out to examine aspects of the health status of children from a group of Travellers in Northern Ireland Gordon et ai, A total of children, aged less than 16 years, were included in the study.
Community Health Doctors and Health Visitors using a standardised questionnaire gathered data. Flynn's study also found the usual age of marriage for Travellers to be in late teens and is mostly arranged by parents, even in Settled families with children who attended school. Interestingly the reverse is evident in the Settled population. Census figures from the most recent Census figures available for Ireland at present indicate that the age of females at first marriage has also been increasing in the Settled community, and in averaged This is a reversal of the trend evident between and when the average age of females marrying for the first time declined from just over 27 years to 24 years Census, Accessing Health Options but the Right Ones?
Many reports of the Traveller Community show that Travellers perception of the healrh services is based on feelings of powerlessness and unequal status. Daly has shown that women's relationship with the medical profession was a major concern of participants Daly, Most felt that class discrimination was practised by rhe medical profession.
Feelings of powerlessness in dealing with doctors were articulated as well as a high level of dissatisfaction wirh the way the medical profession and doctors in particular treat women. They were criticised for over-prescribing tranquillisers and for failing to appreciate the lifestyle and needs of their female patients. An example was given of battered women being prescribed Valium.
The Report of the Task Force on the Travelling Community identified 3 main obstacles for Travellers in accessing health services. These are as follows 1 Illi teracy. Treadwell has outlined that for Travellers once the biomedical health care system is accessed, generally through local family doctors and their practice s , there are several things that Travellers expect. First they expect to be seen immediately.
If the illness episode has been determined to be serious enough to warrant medical attention, than that attention should be forthcoming. Unfortunately, the services are not structured accordingly. Likewise many Travellers feel that even when appointments are made ahead oftime, there is always going to be a queue, and many will go in up to an hour after their appointment is supposed to have been.
While it may not be unusual to have to wait to see the doctor, even when an appointment is made, doctors have the expectation that patients will arrive on time. This can affect the services Travellers get and make them ftustrated, a sitUdtion very often unsatisfactory for both parties Treadwell, In the Report of the Task Force on the Travelling Community all health boards reported a high usage of Accident and Emergency facilities, Obstetrics and Paediatric services and all reported 'inappropriate' use of these facilities and failure to keep appointments.
This whole issue of Travellers having a different perception of time and this being a contributory factor towards missing appointment or being late was also identified in Bonnar's study on family planning needs ofTravelling Women in the Midland Health Board region, Ireland. She emphasised that barriers exist to good healthcare for Travellers. These barriers are due to the mobility of Travellers, different cultural perceptions of illness and time keeping, illiteracy, lack of postal services, absence of continuity of care and medical records.
In , the Traveller Task Force Report recommended that a national and regional structure should be devised to facilitate Traveller participation in the health services. This Traveller Strategy was designed in direct consultation with Travellers and Traveller organisations and should provide terms of reference for all health care providers in Traveller friendly health service provision. Certainly, Traveller children are at risk of congenital abnormalities mostly due to patterns of inter-marriage.
This factor partly, at least, explains the increased incidences of autosomal recessive conditions such as Hurlers Syndrome, Phenylketonuria and other congenital malformations.
Unfortunately, medical records are often unavailable for Traveller children and youth. As noted, Travellers tend to have poorer take-up rates of immunisation programmes than the settled population.
There is distinct evidence that children suffer from a higher incidence of illnesses especially those of the upper respiratory and lower gastro-intestinal tracts and of hospitalisations for at least some of those illnesses. Treadwell points out that there is a gradation in the seriousness of children's health and the necessity to seek biomedical care. This gradation is based on different stages of the life cycle. That is, concern and care seeking strategies for illnesses are highest for young children and infants, slightly less for older children and generally fairly low for adults, and is explained by the concept that Travellers children become 'hardier' as they grow older.
In essence then, younger children who are considered more vulnerable, less capable of rational actions and indeed less hardy are given much more personal, individual attention and care than older children. That is not to say that older children do not get any personal attention, but rather the care and attention they receive is predicated upon the concept that they are more mature, more capable, hardier individuals Treadwell, In this Travellers parents are socialising their children to become independent adults, a gradual but constant process that begins in early childhood.
Establishing a Link between Poverty and Illness - Feminisation of Poverty and Non-Feminisation of Illness 'Lack of money means a poor diet and unhealthy living conditions for the entire family.
In many cases, however, female health problems are worsened by the fact that women are taught to put everybody's welfare before their own. Daly has also emphasised that Traveller women's health was felt to be endangered in many ways by poverty.
Because of the dominant role that a female has with regard to unifYing and maintaining family in the Traveller community Le. In fact, going to bed when ill would cause greater stress because ofher feelings ofguilt at disturbing that family routine, and particularly the children's meals" Daly, Most Travellers, who attended schools, were put in 'special' all-Traveller classes.
This led to a sense of alienation amongst Travellers. Some significant positive developments have taken place at policy and practice levels. At policy level there is recognition of the need for an intercultural curriculum.
This was reflected by a recommendation in the Report of the Task Force of the Travelling Community, that an intercultural and anti-racist curriculum is vital. There are now three special schools for Irish Traveller children established which are culturally sensitive and more flexible than the traditional school system. Staff also tend to have specialist education and training.
In total, there are pupils under the age of rwelve and over the age of thirteen across primary schools. There are 40 visiting teachers and one National Education Officer for Travellers. If one does not have experience of dealing with these institutions and the protocol required to extract what is relevant to individual lifestyles then it can be very difficult to comprehend or maximise best usage of other institutions such as the health services.
In essence, if one is not accustomed to institutional behaviour then any institutional procedures, for example, appointments in the health services can be very difficult to understand or the validity of them to comprehend. It can also be argued that Travellers have been institutionalised into their 9wn culture and the social mores and norms associated with those cultures which are exclusionary of the dominant population.
O'Reilly has pointed out that some aspects of Traveller culture make it difficult to do well in school compared with settled children.
For example, Travellers perceive the family unit to be more important than the 3 Demers argues that students will work in a variety of capacities, in a vast array of situations over a period of time and should be included.
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